Swayambhu Maha chaitya, also known as the Swayambhunath Stupa, is one of the most iconic and ancient religious sites in Kathmandu, Nepal. The stupa is situated atop a hill west of Kathmandu Valley and offers panoramic views of the entire city. The name "Swayambhu" translates to "self-existent one," highlighting the belief that the stupa emerged on its own.
The history of Swayambhu Maha chaitya dates back over 2,000 years. Legend has it that the Kathmandu Valley was once a vast lake, and the hill where Swayambhunath now stands was a self-arisen lotus. The Bodhisattva Manjushri, while on a pilgrimage, saw a brilliant light emanating from the lotus, and upon investigating, he discovered a sacred self-arisen stupa. Manjushri, the embodiment of wisdom, drained the water from the lake, allowing the Kathmandu Valley to become habitable. The legend often emphasizes the Buddhist connection of King V?sadeva (400-425 AD) of the Lichchhavi dynasty and suggests that the stupa was constructed as a sacred Buddhist monument. Another legend suggests that King Manadeva, (464–505 AD) ordered the renovation of Swayambhunath complex. The construction of Swayambhunath Stupa also known as the Swayambhu Maha chaitya is attributed to various historical accounts and legends. The exact builder of Swayambhunath is not definitively known, and the stupa's origins are rooted in both historical and mythical narratives. The locals believe that the Swayambhu Maha Chaitya came to existence 2000 years ago.
The main stupa is a large white dome with a gilded spire, and it is adorned with the watchful eyes of the Buddha, known as the "eyes of wisdom" or the "all-seeing eyes." These eyes symbolize the Buddha's omniscience and are a powerful representation of the Buddhist philosophy. There are numerous smaller stupas, shrines, and statues in the premises. The entire complex is richly decorated with prayer flags, prayer wheels, and colorful banners, creating a spiritually charged atmosphere. Pilgrims and visitors circumambulate the stupa in a clockwise direction, spinning prayer wheels and chanting mantras.
Distinctive features of the Swayambhunath premises:
Stupa : The central structure of Swayambhunath is a large stupa, a hemispherical mound that represents the Buddhist cosmos. The stupa is topped by a gilded spire with a white dome and a gold pinnacle. The eyes of the Buddha are painted on each side of the spire, symbolizing wisdom and compassion.
Eyes of Buddha: The iconic eyes painted on the spire are referred to as the "Eyes of Wisdom." These eyes stare out in the four cardinal directions, watching over the valley and the people. The third eye symbolizes insight beyond ordinary perception.
Harmony of Hindu and Buddhist Elements: Swayambhunath is unique in that it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The site incorporates elements of both religions, making it a symbol of religious harmony. There is a Hindu shrine and a Harati Devi temple within the complex.
Prayer Wheels: The base of the stupa is surrounded by prayer wheels, cylindrical wheels inscribed with Buddhist prayers and mantras. Devotees spin these wheels in a clockwise direction as a form of prayer and to accumulate merit.
Twin Towers: King Pratap Malla (1624–1674 A.D.) is credited with various architectural contributions in the Kathmandu Valley, including the addition of twin towers near Swayambhunath. The twin towers called Pratappur and Anantapur are named after him and his consort Queen Ananta Luxmi. These towers were built to commemorate the completion of the Tantrik course he received from the Lama Gurus of Swayambhu.
Four Entry Stairs: Swayambhunath has four sets of steep stone stairs leading up to the main stupa, symbolizing the four noble truths of Buddhism. Each stairway has its own set of smaller stupas, sculptures, and prayer flags.
Shrines and Temples: Besides the main stupa, there are smaller shrines and temples scattered throughout the complex. These structures house statues, and religious artifacts, and provide spaces for prayer and meditation.
Monasteries: Among half a dozen of monasteries in the Swayambunath complex, Lodrup Samtenling Gonpa is one of the prominent features which follows follows in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. It is known for its vibrant wall paintings, sculptures, and a large Buddha statue. Dewa Dharma Mahavihar, known as Bhutanese Gonpa, stands on the western side of the Maha Chaitya. Anandkuti Vihar, the first Theravada Vihar in modern Nepal is also located in the Swayambhu premises. Apart from Tibetan Buddhism influence, the royal families of Sikkim and Bhutan have their own contribution in the maintenance of the monasteries in the complex. These monasteries contribute to the spiritual atmosphere of Swayambhunath, and they serve as centers for Buddhist education, meditation, and cultural preservation. The presence of these monasteries adds to the cultural richness and diversity of Swayambhunath as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Due to its elevated location, Swayambhunath offers panoramic views of the Kathmandu Valley.
The Buddha Park, with large 60+ feet tall idols of Shakyamuni Buddha. Awaloketishwore and Guru Padmasambhava is recently built in 2003 AD, The World Peace Pond built in the western slope of the Swayambhu hill is another attraction. One can enjoy breathtaking scenery while exploring the religious and cultural heritage of the site.
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